Store vote values at the parcel level rather than the vote level

~50% increase in performance

docs/options.md

@@ -261,8 +261,7 @@ When *Surplus method* is set to *Meek method*:
 
 When *Surplus method* is set to a Gregory method, this option allows you to specify how the numbers of votes credited to candidates in a surplus transfer is calculated. In each case, votes are grouped according to the next available preference for a continuing candidate. Subsequently:
 
-* *Single step*: The total value of all votes expressing a next available preference for that candidate is multiplied by the surplus fraction. The product is credited to that candidate.
+* *By value*: The votes expressing a next available preference for that candidate are further divided according to value. For each group of votes at a particular value, the total value of all such votes is multiplied by the surplus fraction. The product is credited to that candidate.
-* *By value*: The votes expressing a next available preference for that candidate are further divided according to value. For each group of votes at a particular value, the total value of all such votes is multiplied by the surplus fraction. The product is credited to that candidate. This is distinct to *Single step* only for weighted inclusive Gregory.
 * *Per ballot*: For each individual vote expressing a next available preference for that candidate, the value of the vote is multiplied by the surplus fraction. The product is credited to that candidate.
 
 This option affects the result only as far as rounding (due to use of fixed-precision/floating-point arithmetic, or an explicit rounding option) is concerned.

html/index.html

@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@
 						<span class="pill-grey" title="This option has effect only if “Method” is a Gregory method">Gregory</span>
 						Sum surplus transfers:
 						<select id="selSumTransfers">
-							<option value="single_step" selected>Single step</option>
+							<!--<option value="single_step" selected>Single step</option>-->
-							<option value="by_value">By value</option>
+							<option value="by_value" selected>By value</option>
 							<option value="per_ballot">Per ballot</option>
 						</select>
 					</label>

html/index.js

@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundVotes').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundSFs').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = false;
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'wig';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'both';
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundVotes').value = '0';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundSFs').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = false;
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_order';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'uig';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'both';
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundVotes').value = '6';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundSFs').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = false;
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_order';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'eg';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundSFs').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundSFs').value = '4';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = false;
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'wig';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'both';
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('chkNormaliseBallots').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundQuota').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundQuota').value = '0';
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'cincinnati';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';
 		document.getElementById('selExclusion').value = 'single_stage';
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundVotes').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundSFs').checked = false;
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = false;
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'wig';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'both';
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundSFs').value = '3';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundValues').value = '3';
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_order';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'eg';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundSFs').value = '2';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundValues').value = '2';
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'eg';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundSFs').value = '2';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundValues').value = '2';
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'eg';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ function changePreset() {
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundSFs').value = '2';
 		document.getElementById('chkRoundValues').checked = true;
 		document.getElementById('txtRoundValues').value = '2';
-		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'single_step';
+		document.getElementById('selSumTransfers').value = 'by_value';
 		document.getElementById('selSurplus').value = 'by_size';
 		document.getElementById('selMethod').value = 'eg';
 		document.getElementById('selPapers').value = 'transferable';

src/election.rs

@@ -352,17 +352,29 @@ impl<'a, N: Number> CountCard<'a, N> {
 pub struct Parcel<'a, N> {
 	/// [Vote]s in this parcel
 	pub votes: Vec<Vote<'a, N>>,
+	/// Accumulated relative value of each [Vote] in this parcel
+	pub value_fraction: N,
 	/// Order for sorting with [crate::stv::ExclusionMethod::BySource]
 	pub source_order: usize,
 }
 
+impl<'a, N: Number> Parcel<'a, N> {
+	/// Return the number of ballots in this parcel
+	pub fn num_ballots(&self) -> N {
+		return self.votes.iter().fold(N::new(), |acc, v| acc + &v.ballot.orig_value);
+	}
+	
+	/// Return the value of the votes in this parcel
+	pub fn num_votes(&self) -> N {
+		return self.num_ballots() * &self.value_fraction;
+	}
+}
+
 /// Represents a [Ballot] with an associated value
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Vote<'a, N> {
 	/// Ballot from which the vote is derived
 	pub ballot: &'a Ballot<N>,
-	/// Current value of the ballot
-	pub value: N,
 	/// Index of the next preference to examine
 	pub up_to_pref: usize,
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ struct STV {
 	round_quota: Option<usize>,
 	
 	/// (Gregory STV) How to calculate votes to credit to candidates in surplus transfers
-	#[clap(help_heading=Some("ROUNDING"), long, possible_values=&["single_step", "by_value", "per_ballot"], default_value="single_step", value_name="mode")]
+	#[clap(help_heading=Some("ROUNDING"), long, possible_values=&["by_value", "per_ballot"], default_value="by_value", value_name="mode")]
 	sum_surplus_transfers: String,
 	
 	/// (Meek STV) Limit for stopping iteration of surplus distribution
@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ fn maybe_load_constraints<N: Number>(election: &mut Election<N>, constraints: &O
 
 fn count_election<N: Number>(mut election: Election<N>, cmd_opts: STV) -> Result<(), i32>
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Add<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,

src/stv/gregory.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-use super::{ExclusionMethod, NextPreferencesEntry, NextPreferencesResult, STVError, STVOptions, SumSurplusTransfersMode, SurplusMethod, SurplusOrder};
+use super::{ExclusionMethod, NextPreferencesEntry, STVError, STVOptions, SumSurplusTransfersMode, SurplusMethod, SurplusOrder};
 use super::sample;
 
 use crate::constraints;
@@ -23,16 +23,14 @@ use crate::election::{Candidate, CandidateState, CountState, Parcel, Vote};
 use crate::numbers::Number;
 use crate::ties;
 
-use itertools::Itertools;
-
 use std::cmp::max;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ops;
 
 /// Distribute first preference votes according to the Gregory method
 pub fn distribute_first_preferences<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>) {
 	let votes = state.election.ballots.iter().map(|b| Vote {
 		ballot: b,
-		value: b.orig_value.clone(),
 		up_to_pref: 0,
 	}).collect();
 	
@@ -42,20 +40,22 @@ pub fn distribute_first_preferences<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>) {
 	for (candidate, entry) in result.candidates.into_iter() {
 		let parcel = Parcel {
 			votes: entry.votes,
+			value_fraction: N::one(),
 			source_order: 0,
 		};
 		let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
 		count_card.parcels.push(parcel);
-		count_card.transfer(&entry.num_votes);
+		count_card.transfer(&entry.num_ballots);
 	}
 	
 	// Transfer exhausted votes
 	let parcel = Parcel {
 		votes: result.exhausted.votes,
+		value_fraction: N::one(),
 		source_order: 0,
 	};
 	state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
-	state.exhausted.transfer(&result.exhausted.num_votes);
+	state.exhausted.transfer(&result.exhausted.num_ballots);
 	
 	state.kind = None;
 	state.title = "First preferences".to_string();
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ pub fn distribute_first_preferences<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>) {
 /// Returns `true` if any surpluses were distributed.
 pub fn distribute_surpluses<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>, opts: &STVOptions) -> Result<bool, STVError>
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Add<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>,
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Neg<Output=N>
 {
@@ -145,14 +147,12 @@ where
 /// Return the denominator of the surplus fraction
 ///
 /// Returns `None` if the value of transferable votes <= surplus (i.e. all transferable votes are transferred at values received).
-fn calculate_surplus_denom<N: Number>(surplus: &N, result: &NextPreferencesResult<N>, transferable_votes: &N, weighted: bool, transferable_only: bool) -> Option<N>
+fn calculate_surplus_denom<'n, N: Number>(surplus: &N, transferable_ballots: &'n N, transferable_votes: &'n N, total_ballots: &'n N, total_votes: &'n N, weighted: bool, transferable_only: bool) -> Option<&'n N>
 where
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>
 {
 	if transferable_only {
-		let total_units = if weighted { &result.total_votes } else { &result.total_ballots };
+		let transferable_units = if weighted { transferable_votes } else { transferable_ballots };
-		let exhausted_units = if weighted { &result.exhausted.num_votes } else { &result.exhausted.num_ballots };
-		let transferable_units = total_units - exhausted_units;
 		
 		if transferable_votes > surplus {
 			return Some(transferable_units);
@@ -161,86 +161,64 @@ where
 		}
 	} else {
 		if weighted {
-			return Some(result.total_votes.clone());
+			return Some(total_votes);
 		} else {
-			return Some(result.total_ballots.clone());
+			return Some(total_ballots);
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-/// Return the reweighted value of the vote after being transferred
+/// Return the reweighted value fraction of a parcel/vote after being transferred
-fn reweight_vote<N: Number>(
+fn reweight_value_fraction<N: Number>(
-	num_votes: &N,
+	value_fraction: &N,
-	num_ballots: &N,
 	surplus: &N,
 	weighted: bool,
 	surplus_fraction: &Option<N>,
-	surplus_denom: &Option<N>,
+	surplus_denom: &Option<&N>,
-	round_tvs: Option<usize>,
+	round_tvs: Option<usize>) -> N
-	rounding: Option<usize>) -> N
 {
-	let mut result;
+	let result;
 	
 	match surplus_denom {
 		Some(v) => {
 			if let Some(_) = round_tvs {
 				// Rounding requested: use the rounded transfer value
 				if weighted {
-					result = num_votes.clone() * surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap();
+					result = value_fraction.clone() * surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap();
 				} else {
-					result = num_ballots.clone() * surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap();
+					result = surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
 				}
 			} else {
 				// Avoid unnecessary rounding error by first multiplying by the surplus
 				if weighted {
-					result = num_votes.clone() * surplus / v;
+					result = value_fraction.clone() * surplus / *v;
 				} else {
-					result = num_ballots.clone() * surplus / v;
+					result = surplus.clone() / *v;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		None => {
-			result = num_votes.clone();
+			result = value_fraction.clone();
 		}
 	}
 	
-	// Round down if requested
-	if let Some(dps) = rounding {
-		result.floor_mut(dps);
-	}
-	
 	return result;
 }
 
 /// Compute the number of votes to credit to a continuing candidate during a surplus transfer, based on [STVOptions::sum_surplus_transfers]
-fn sum_surplus_transfers<N: Number>(entry: &NextPreferencesEntry<N>, surplus: &N, is_weighted: bool, surplus_fraction: &Option<N>, surplus_denom: &Option<N>, _state: &mut CountState<N>, opts: &STVOptions) -> N
+fn sum_surplus_transfers<N: Number>(entry: &NextPreferencesEntry<N>, orig_value_fraction: &N, surplus: &N, is_weighted: bool, surplus_fraction: &Option<N>, surplus_denom: &Option<&N>, _state: &mut CountState<N>, opts: &STVOptions) -> N
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,
 {
 	match opts.sum_surplus_transfers {
-		SumSurplusTransfersMode::SingleStep => {
-			// Calculate transfer across all votes
-			//state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballot papers, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", entry.num_ballots, entry.num_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
-			return reweight_vote(&entry.num_votes, &entry.num_ballots, surplus, is_weighted, surplus_fraction, surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions, opts.round_votes);
-		}
 		SumSurplusTransfersMode::ByValue => {
-			// Sum transfers by value
+			// Calculate transfer across all votes in this parcel
 			let mut result = N::new();
-			
+			for vote in entry.votes.iter() {
-			// Sort into parcels by value
+				result += &vote.ballot.orig_value;
-			let mut votes: Vec<&Vote<N>> = entry.votes.iter().collect();
-			votes.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| (&a.value / &a.ballot.orig_value).cmp(&(&b.value / &b.ballot.orig_value)));
-			for (_value, parcel) in &votes.into_iter().group_by(|v| &v.value / &v.ballot.orig_value) {
-				let mut num_votes = N::new();
-				let mut num_ballots = N::new();
-				for vote in parcel {
-					num_votes += &vote.value;
-					num_ballots += &vote.ballot.orig_value;
-				}
-				//state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballot papers, totalling {:.dps$} votes, received at value {:.dps2$}.", num_ballots, num_votes, value, dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
-				result += reweight_vote(&num_votes, &num_ballots, surplus, is_weighted, surplus_fraction, surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions, opts.round_votes);
 			}
-			
+			result *= reweight_value_fraction(orig_value_fraction, surplus, is_weighted, surplus_fraction, surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions);
 			return result;
 		}
 		SumSurplusTransfersMode::PerBallot => {
@@ -248,7 +226,11 @@ where
 			// TODO: This could be moved to distribute_surplus to avoid looping over the votes and calculating transfer values twice
 			let mut result = N::new();
 			for vote in entry.votes.iter() {
-				result += reweight_vote(&vote.value, &vote.ballot.orig_value, surplus, is_weighted, surplus_fraction, surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions, opts.round_votes);
+				let mut vote_value = &vote.ballot.orig_value * &reweight_value_fraction(orig_value_fraction, surplus, is_weighted, surplus_fraction, surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions);
+				if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
+					vote_value.floor_mut(dps);
+				}
+				result += vote_value;
 			}
 			//state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballot papers, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", entry.num_ballots, entry.num_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
 			return result;
@@ -259,7 +241,9 @@ where
 /// Distribute the surplus of a given candidate according to the Gregory method, based on [STVOptions::surplus]
 fn distribute_surplus<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>, opts: &STVOptions, elected_candidate: &Candidate)
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Add<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>,
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Neg<Output=N>
 {
@@ -270,36 +254,63 @@ where
 	let count_card = &state.candidates[elected_candidate];
 	let surplus = &count_card.votes - state.quota.as_ref().unwrap();
 	
-	let votes;
+	// Determine which votes to examine
+	
+	let mut parcels;
 	match opts.surplus {
 		SurplusMethod::WIG | SurplusMethod::UIG => {
 			// Inclusive Gregory
-			votes = state.candidates.get_mut(elected_candidate).unwrap().concat_parcels();
+			parcels = Vec::new();
+			parcels.append(&mut state.candidates.get_mut(elected_candidate).unwrap().parcels);
 		}
 		SurplusMethod::EG => {
 			// Exclusive Gregory
 			// Should be safe to unwrap() - or else how did we get a quota!
-			votes = state.candidates.get_mut(elected_candidate).unwrap().parcels.pop().unwrap().votes;
+			parcels = vec![state.candidates.get_mut(elected_candidate).unwrap().parcels.pop().unwrap()];
 		}
 		_ => unreachable!()
 	}
 	
-	// Count next preferences
+	// Count votes
-	let result = super::next_preferences(state, votes);
+	
+	let mut parcels_next_prefs= Vec::new();
+	
+	let mut transferable_ballots = N::new();
+	let mut transferable_votes = N::new();
+	
+	let mut exhausted_ballots = N::new();
+	let mut exhausted_votes = N::new();
+	
+	for parcel in parcels {
+		// Count next preferences
+		let result = super::next_preferences(state, parcel.votes);
+		
+		for (_, entry) in result.candidates.iter() {
+			transferable_ballots += &entry.num_ballots;
+			transferable_votes += &entry.num_ballots * &parcel.value_fraction;
+		}
+		
+		exhausted_ballots += &result.exhausted.num_ballots;
+		exhausted_votes += &result.exhausted.num_ballots * &parcel.value_fraction;
+		
+		parcels_next_prefs.push((parcel.value_fraction, result));
+	}
+	
+	// Calculate surplus fraction
 	
-	// Transfer candidate votes
-	// TODO: Refactor??
 	let is_weighted = match opts.surplus {
 		SurplusMethod::WIG => { true }
 		SurplusMethod::UIG | SurplusMethod::EG => { false }
 		_ => unreachable!()
 	};
 	
-	let transferable_votes = &result.total_votes - &result.exhausted.num_votes;
+	let total_ballots = &transferable_ballots + &exhausted_ballots;
-	let surplus_denom = calculate_surplus_denom(&surplus, &result, &transferable_votes, is_weighted, opts.transferable_only);
+	let total_votes = &transferable_votes + &exhausted_votes;
+	
+	let surplus_denom = calculate_surplus_denom(&surplus, &transferable_ballots, &transferable_votes, &total_ballots, &total_votes, is_weighted, opts.transferable_only);
 	let mut surplus_fraction;
 	match surplus_denom {
-		Some(ref v) => {
+		Some(v) => {
 			surplus_fraction = Some(surplus.clone() / v);
 			
 			// Round down if requested
@@ -308,16 +319,16 @@ where
 			}
 			
 			if opts.transferable_only {
-				if &result.total_ballots - &result.exhausted.num_ballots == N::one() {
+				if transferable_ballots == N::one() {
 					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 transferable ballot, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", transferable_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
 				} else {
-					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} transferable ballots, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", &result.total_ballots - &result.exhausted.num_ballots, transferable_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
+					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} transferable ballots, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", transferable_ballots, transferable_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
 				}
 			} else {
-				if result.total_ballots == N::one() {
+				if total_ballots == N::one() {
-					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", result.total_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
+					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", total_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
 				} else {
-					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", result.total_ballots, result.total_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
+					state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes, with surplus fraction {:.dps2$}.", total_ballots, total_votes, surplus_fraction.as_ref().unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -325,63 +336,79 @@ where
 			surplus_fraction = None;
 			
 			// This can only happen if --transferable-only
-			if &result.total_ballots - &result.exhausted.num_ballots == N::one() {
+			if transferable_ballots == N::one() {
 				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 transferable ballot, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, at values received.", transferable_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
 			} else {
-				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} transferable ballots, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, at values received.", &result.total_ballots - &result.exhausted.num_ballots, transferable_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
+				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} transferable ballots, totalling {:.dps$} transferable votes, at values received.", transferable_ballots, transferable_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	
+	// Reweight and transfer parcels
+	
+	let mut candidate_transfers: HashMap<&Candidate, N> = HashMap::new();
+	for candidate in state.election.candidates.iter() {
+		candidate_transfers.insert(candidate, N::new());
+	}
+	let mut exhausted_transfers = N::new();
+	
+	for (value_fraction, result) in parcels_next_prefs {
+		for (candidate, entry) in result.candidates.into_iter() {
+			// Record transfers
+			// TODO: Is there a better way of writing this?
+			let transfers_orig = candidate_transfers.remove(candidate).unwrap();
+			let transfers_add = sum_surplus_transfers(&entry, &value_fraction, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, state, opts);
+			candidate_transfers.insert(candidate, transfers_orig + transfers_add);
+			
+			// Transfer candidate votes
+			let new_parcel = Parcel {
+				votes: entry.votes,
+				value_fraction: reweight_value_fraction(&value_fraction, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions),
+				source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
+			};
+			let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
+			count_card.parcels.push(new_parcel);
+		}
+		
+		// Record exhausted votes
+		if opts.transferable_only {
+			if transferable_votes > surplus {
+				// No ballots exhaust
+			} else {
+				exhausted_transfers += &surplus - &transferable_votes;
+			}
+		} else {
+			exhausted_transfers += sum_surplus_transfers(&result.exhausted, &value_fraction, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, state, opts);
+		}
+		
+		// Transfer exhausted votes
+		let parcel = Parcel {
+			votes: result.exhausted.votes,
+			value_fraction: value_fraction, // TODO: Reweight exhausted votes
+			source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
+		};
+		state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
+	}
+	
 	let mut checksum = N::new();
 	
-	for (candidate, entry) in result.candidates.into_iter() {
+	// Credit transferred votes
-		// Credit transferred votes
+	for (candidate, mut votes) in candidate_transfers {
-		let candidate_transfers = sum_surplus_transfers(&entry, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, state, opts);
+		if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
-		let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
+			votes.floor_mut(dps);
-		count_card.transfer(&candidate_transfers);
-		checksum += candidate_transfers;
-		
-		let mut parcel = Parcel {
-			votes: entry.votes,
-			source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
-		};
-		
-		// Reweight votes
-		for vote in parcel.votes.iter_mut() {
-			vote.value = reweight_vote(&vote.value, &vote.ballot.orig_value, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, opts.round_surplus_fractions, opts.round_values);
 		}
-		
+		let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
-		count_card.parcels.push(parcel);
+		count_card.transfer(&votes);
+		checksum += votes;
 	}
 	
 	// Credit exhausted votes
-	let mut exhausted_transfers;
+	if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
-	if opts.transferable_only {
+		exhausted_transfers.floor_mut(dps);
-		if transferable_votes > surplus {
-			// No ballots exhaust
-			exhausted_transfers = N::new();
-		} else {
-			exhausted_transfers = &surplus - &transferable_votes;
-			
-			if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
-				exhausted_transfers.floor_mut(dps);
-			}
-		}
-	} else {
-		exhausted_transfers = sum_surplus_transfers(&result.exhausted, &surplus, is_weighted, &surplus_fraction, &surplus_denom, state, opts);
 	}
-	
 	state.exhausted.transfer(&exhausted_transfers);
 	checksum += exhausted_transfers;
 	
-	// Transfer exhausted votes
-	let parcel = Parcel {
-		votes: result.exhausted.votes,
-		source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
-	};
-	state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
-	
 	// Finalise candidate votes
 	let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(elected_candidate).unwrap();
 	count_card.transfers = -&surplus;
@@ -397,6 +424,7 @@ where
 /// Perform one stage of a candidate exclusion according to the Gregory method, based on [STVOptions::exclusion]
 pub fn exclude_candidates<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptions, excluded_candidates: Vec<&'a Candidate>)
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,
 {
 	// Used to give bulk excluded candidate the same order_elected
@@ -416,7 +444,7 @@ where
 	}
 	
 	// Determine votes to transfer in this stage
-	let mut votes = Vec::new();
+	let mut parcels = Vec::new();
 	let mut votes_remain;
 	let mut checksum = N::new();
 	
@@ -425,13 +453,14 @@ where
 			// Exclude in one round
 			for excluded_candidate in excluded_candidates.iter() {
 				let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(excluded_candidate).unwrap();
-				votes.append(&mut count_card.concat_parcels());
 				count_card.finalised = true;
 				
+				parcels.append(&mut count_card.parcels);
+				
 				// Update votes
-				let votes_transferred = votes.iter().fold(N::new(), |acc, v| acc + &v.value);
+				checksum -= &count_card.votes;
-				checksum -= &votes_transferred;
+				count_card.transfers = -count_card.votes.clone();
-				count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
+				count_card.votes = N::new();
 			}
 			votes_remain = false;
 		}
@@ -445,44 +474,50 @@ where
 				// If candidates to exclude still having votes, select only those with the greatest value
 				let max_value = excluded_with_votes.iter()
 					.map(|c| state.candidates[*c].parcels.iter()
-						.map(|p| p.votes.iter().map(|v| &v.value / &v.ballot.orig_value).max().unwrap())
+						.map(|p| &p.value_fraction)
 						.max().unwrap())
-					.max().unwrap();
+					.max().unwrap()
+					.clone();
 				
 				votes_remain = false;
 				
+				let mut votes = Vec::new();
+				
 				for excluded_candidate in excluded_with_votes.iter() {
 					let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(*excluded_candidate).unwrap();
+					let mut cc_parcels = Vec::new();
+					cc_parcels.append(&mut count_card.parcels);
 					
 					// Filter out just those votes with max_value
-					let mut remaining_votes = Vec::new();
+					let mut remaining_parcels = Vec::new();
 					
-					let cand_votes = count_card.concat_parcels();
+					for mut parcel in cc_parcels {
+						if parcel.value_fraction == max_value {
+							let votes_transferred = parcel.num_votes();
+							votes.append(&mut parcel.votes);
 							
-					let mut votes_transferred = N::new();
+							// Update votes
-					for vote in cand_votes.into_iter() {
+							checksum -= &votes_transferred;
-						if &vote.value / &vote.ballot.orig_value == max_value {
+							count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
-							votes_transferred += &vote.value;
-							votes.push(vote);
 						} else {
-							remaining_votes.push(vote);
+							remaining_parcels.push(parcel);
 						}
 					}
 					
-					if !remaining_votes.is_empty() {
+					if !remaining_parcels.is_empty() {
 						votes_remain = true;
 					}
 					
-					// Leave remaining votes with candidate (as one parcel)
+					// Leave remaining votes with candidate
-					count_card.parcels = vec![Parcel {
+					count_card.parcels = remaining_parcels;
-						votes: remaining_votes,
-						source_order: 0, // Unused in this mode
-					}];
-					
-					// Update votes
-					checksum -= &votes_transferred;
-					count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
 				}
+				
+				// Group all votes of one value in single parcel
+				parcels.push(Parcel {
+					votes: votes,
+					value_fraction: max_value,
+					source_order: 0, // source_order is unused in this mode
+				});
 			}
 		}
 		ExclusionMethod::BySource => {
@@ -503,18 +538,20 @@ where
 				
 				for excluded_candidate in excluded_with_votes.iter() {
 					let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(*excluded_candidate).unwrap();
+					let mut cc_parcels = Vec::new();
+					cc_parcels.append(&mut count_card.parcels);
 					
 					// Filter out just those votes with min_order
 					let mut remaining_parcels = Vec::new();
 					
-					let mut votes_transferred = N::new();
+					for parcel in cc_parcels {
-					while !count_card.parcels.is_empty() {
-						let parcel = count_card.parcels.pop().unwrap();
 						if parcel.source_order == min_order {
-							for vote in parcel.votes {
+							let votes_transferred = parcel.num_votes();
-								votes_transferred += &vote.value;
+							parcels.push(parcel);
-								votes.push(vote);
+							
-							}
+							// Update votes
+							checksum -= &votes_transferred;
+							count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
 						} else {
 							remaining_parcels.push(parcel);
 						}
@@ -524,12 +561,8 @@ where
 						votes_remain = true;
 					}
 					
-					// Leave remaining parcels with candidate
+					// Leave remaining votes with candidate
 					count_card.parcels = remaining_parcels;
-					
-					// Update votes
-					checksum -= &votes_transferred;
-					count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -545,11 +578,11 @@ where
 			if count_card.parcels.is_empty() {
 				votes_remain = false;
 			} else {
-				votes = count_card.parcels.remove(0).votes;
+				parcels.push(count_card.parcels.remove(0));
 				votes_remain = !count_card.parcels.is_empty();
 				
 				// Update votes
-				let votes_transferred = votes.iter().fold(N::new(), |acc, v| acc + &v.value);
+				let votes_transferred = parcels.first().unwrap().num_votes();
 				checksum -= &votes_transferred;
 				count_card.transfer(&-votes_transferred);
 			}
@@ -557,59 +590,88 @@ where
 		_ => panic!()
 	}
 	
-	if !votes.is_empty() {
+	let mut total_ballots = N::new();
+	let mut total_votes = N::new();
+	
+	let value = match parcels.first() { Some(p) => Some(p.value_fraction.clone()), _ => None };
+	
+	let mut candidate_transfers: HashMap<&Candidate, N> = HashMap::new();
+	for candidate in state.election.candidates.iter() {
+		candidate_transfers.insert(candidate, N::new());
+	}
+	let mut exhausted_transfers = N::new();
+	
+	for parcel in parcels {
 		// Count next preferences
-		let value = &votes[0].value / &votes[0].ballot.orig_value;
+		let result = super::next_preferences(state, parcel.votes);
 		
-		let result = super::next_preferences(state, votes);
+		total_ballots += &result.total_ballots;
-		
+		total_votes += &result.total_ballots * &parcel.value_fraction;
-		if let ExclusionMethod::SingleStage = opts.exclusion {
-			if result.total_ballots == N::one() {
-				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", result.total_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
-			} else {
-				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", result.total_ballots, result.total_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
-			}
-		} else {
-			if result.total_ballots == N::one() {
-				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes, received at value {:.dps2$}.", result.total_votes, value, dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
-			} else {
-				state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes, received at value {:.dps2$}.", result.total_ballots, result.total_votes, value, dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
-			}
-		}
 		
 		// Transfer candidate votes
 		for (candidate, entry) in result.candidates.into_iter() {
 			let parcel = Parcel {
 				votes: entry.votes,
+				value_fraction: parcel.value_fraction.clone(),
 				source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 			};
+			
+			// Record transfers
+			let transfers_orig = candidate_transfers.remove(candidate).unwrap();
+			candidate_transfers.insert(candidate, transfers_orig + &entry.num_ballots * &parcel.value_fraction);
+			
 			let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
 			count_card.parcels.push(parcel);
-			
-			// Round transfers
-			let mut candidate_transfers = entry.num_votes;
-			if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
-				candidate_transfers.floor_mut(dps);
-			}
-			count_card.transfer(&candidate_transfers);
-			checksum += candidate_transfers;
 		}
 		
 		// Transfer exhausted votes
 		let parcel = Parcel {
 			votes: result.exhausted.votes,
+			value_fraction: parcel.value_fraction,
 			source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 		};
+		
+		// Record transfers
+		exhausted_transfers += &result.exhausted.num_ballots * &parcel.value_fraction;
+		
 		state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
 		
-		let mut exhausted_transfers = result.exhausted.num_votes;
+		// TODO: Detailed transfers logs
-		if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
-			exhausted_transfers.floor_mut(dps);
-		}
-		state.exhausted.transfer(&exhausted_transfers);
-		checksum += exhausted_transfers;
 	}
 	
+	if let ExclusionMethod::SingleStage = opts.exclusion {
+		if total_ballots == N::one() {
+			state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", total_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
+		} else {
+			state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", total_ballots, total_votes, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
+		}
+	} else {
+		if total_ballots.is_zero() {
+			state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 0 ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes.", 0, dps=opts.pp_decimals));
+		} else if total_ballots == N::one() {
+			state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring 1 ballot, totalling {:.dps$} votes, received at value {:.dps2$}.", total_votes, value.unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
+		} else {
+			state.logger.log_literal(format!("Transferring {:.0} ballots, totalling {:.dps$} votes, received at value {:.dps2$}.", total_ballots, total_votes, value.unwrap(), dps=opts.pp_decimals, dps2=max(opts.pp_decimals, 2)));
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Credit transferred votes
+	for (candidate, mut votes) in candidate_transfers {
+		if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
+			votes.floor_mut(dps);
+		}
+		let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
+		count_card.transfer(&votes);
+		checksum += votes;
+	}
+	
+	// Credit exhausted votes
+	if let Some(dps) = opts.round_votes {
+		exhausted_transfers.floor_mut(dps);
+	}
+	state.exhausted.transfer(&exhausted_transfers);
+	checksum += exhausted_transfers;
+	
 	if !votes_remain {
 		// Finalise candidate votes
 		for excluded_candidate in excluded_candidates.into_iter() {
@@ -620,8 +682,7 @@ where
 			count_card.finalised = true;
 		}
 		
-		if let ExclusionMethod::SingleStage = opts.exclusion {
+		if opts.exclusion != ExclusionMethod::SingleStage {
-		} else {
 			state.logger.log_literal("Exclusion complete.".to_string());
 		}
 	}

src/stv/mod.rs

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub struct STVOptions {
 	pub round_quota: Option<usize>,
 	
 	/// How to calculate votes to credit to candidates in surplus transfers
-	#[builder(default="SumSurplusTransfersMode::SingleStep")]
+	#[builder(default="SumSurplusTransfersMode::ByValue")]
 	pub sum_surplus_transfers: SumSurplusTransfersMode,
 	
 	/// (Meek STV) Limit for stopping iteration of surplus distribution
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl STVOptions {
 			if let Some(dps) = self.round_votes { flags.push(format!("--round-votes {}", dps)); }
 		}
 		if let Some(dps) = self.round_quota { flags.push(format!("--round-quota {}", dps)); }
-		if self.surplus != SurplusMethod::Meek && self.sum_surplus_transfers != SumSurplusTransfersMode::SingleStep { flags.push(self.sum_surplus_transfers.describe()); }
+		if self.surplus != SurplusMethod::Meek && self.sum_surplus_transfers != SumSurplusTransfersMode::ByValue { flags.push(self.sum_surplus_transfers.describe()); }
 		if self.surplus == SurplusMethod::Meek && self.meek_surplus_tolerance != "0.001%" { flags.push(format!("--meek-surplus-tolerance {}", self.meek_surplus_tolerance)); }
 		if self.normalise_ballots { flags.push("--normalise-ballots".to_string()); }
 		if self.quota != QuotaType::Droop { flags.push(self.quota.describe()); }
@@ -226,8 +226,6 @@ impl STVOptions {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 #[derive(PartialEq)]
 pub enum SumSurplusTransfersMode {
-	/// Sum and round all surplus transfers for a candidate in a single step
-	SingleStep,
 	/// Sum and round a candidate's surplus transfers separately for ballot papers received at each particular value
 	ByValue,
 	/// Sum and round a candidate's surplus transfers individually for each ballot paper
@@ -238,7 +236,6 @@ impl SumSurplusTransfersMode {
 	/// Convert to CLI argument representation
 	fn describe(self) -> String {
 		match self {
-			SumSurplusTransfersMode::SingleStep => "--sum-surplus-transfers single_step",
 			SumSurplusTransfersMode::ByValue => "--sum-surplus-transfers by_value",
 			SumSurplusTransfersMode::PerBallot => "--sum-surplus-transfers per_ballot",
 		}.to_string()
@@ -248,7 +245,6 @@ impl SumSurplusTransfersMode {
 impl<S: AsRef<str>> From<S> for SumSurplusTransfersMode {
 	fn from(s: S) -> Self {
 		match s.as_ref() {
-			"single_step" => SumSurplusTransfersMode::SingleStep,
 			"by_value" => SumSurplusTransfersMode::ByValue,
 			"per_ballot" => SumSurplusTransfersMode::PerBallot,
 			_ => panic!("Invalid --sum-transfers"),
@@ -609,6 +605,7 @@ where
 /// Returns `true` if the count is complete, otherwise `false`.
 pub fn count_one_stage<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptions) -> Result<bool, STVError>
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Add<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,
@@ -671,15 +668,12 @@ struct NextPreferencesResult<'a, N> {
 	candidates: HashMap<&'a Candidate, NextPreferencesEntry<'a, N>>,
 	exhausted: NextPreferencesEntry<'a, N>,
 	total_ballots: N,
-	total_votes: N,
 }
 
 /// See [next_preferences]
 struct NextPreferencesEntry<'a, N> {
-	//count_card: Option<&'a CountCard<'a, N>>,
 	votes: Vec<Vote<'a, N>>,
 	num_ballots: N,
-	num_votes: N,
 }
 
 /// Count the given votes, grouping according to next available preference
@@ -689,15 +683,12 @@ fn next_preferences<'a, N: Number>(state: &CountState<'a, N>, votes: Vec<Vote<'a
 		exhausted: NextPreferencesEntry {
 			votes: Vec::new(),
 			num_ballots: N::new(),
-			num_votes: N::new(),
 		},
 		total_ballots: N::new(),
-		total_votes: N::new(),
 	};
 	
 	for mut vote in votes.into_iter() {
 		result.total_ballots += &vote.ballot.orig_value;
-		result.total_votes += &vote.value;
 		
 		let mut next_candidate = None;
 		
@@ -717,19 +708,16 @@ fn next_preferences<'a, N: Number>(state: &CountState<'a, N>, votes: Vec<Vote<'a
 			if result.candidates.contains_key(candidate) {
 				let entry = result.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
 				entry.num_ballots += &vote.ballot.orig_value;
-				entry.num_votes += &vote.value;
 				entry.votes.push(vote);
 			} else {
 				let entry = NextPreferencesEntry {
 					num_ballots: vote.ballot.orig_value.clone(),
-					num_votes: vote.value.clone(),
 					votes: vec![vote],
 				};
 				result.candidates.insert(candidate, entry);
 			}
 		} else {
 			result.exhausted.num_ballots += &vote.ballot.orig_value;
-			result.exhausted.num_votes += &vote.value;
 			result.exhausted.votes.push(vote);
 		}
 	}
@@ -1121,6 +1109,7 @@ where
 /// Returns `true` if any surpluses were distributed.
 fn distribute_surpluses<N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<N>, opts: &STVOptions) -> Result<bool, STVError>
 where
+	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Add<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Sub<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Mul<&'r N, Output=N>,
 	for<'r> &'r N: ops::Div<&'r N, Output=N>,

src/stv/sample.rs

@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ where
 				
 				let parcel = Parcel {
 					votes: entry.votes.into_iter().rev().take(candidate_transfers_usize).rev().collect(),
+					value_fraction: N::one(),
 					source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 				};
 				
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ where
 			// Transfer exhausted votes
 			let parcel = Parcel {
 				votes: result.exhausted.votes.into_iter().rev().take(exhausted_transfers_usize).rev().collect(),
+				value_fraction: N::one(),
 				source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 			};
 			state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
@@ -287,10 +289,10 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 	// Have to structure like this to satisfy Rust's borrow checker
 	if let Some(candidate) = next_candidate {
 		// Available preference
-		state.candidates.get_mut(source_candidate).unwrap().transfer(&-vote.value.clone());
+		state.candidates.get_mut(source_candidate).unwrap().transfer(&-vote.ballot.orig_value.clone());
 		
 		let count_card = state.candidates.get_mut(candidate).unwrap();
-		count_card.transfer(&vote.value);
+		count_card.transfer(&vote.ballot.orig_value);
 		
 		match count_card.parcels.last_mut() {
 			Some(parcel) => {
@@ -299,6 +301,7 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 				} else {
 					let parcel = Parcel {
 						votes: vec![vote],
+						value_fraction: N::one(),
 						source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 					};
 					count_card.parcels.push(parcel);
@@ -307,6 +310,7 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 			None => {
 				let parcel = Parcel {
 					votes: vec![vote],
+					value_fraction: N::one(),
 					source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 				};
 				count_card.parcels.push(parcel);
@@ -321,8 +325,8 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 		if opts.transferable_only && ignore_nontransferable {
 			// Another ballot paper required
 		} else {
-			state.candidates.get_mut(source_candidate).unwrap().transfer(&-vote.value.clone());
+			state.candidates.get_mut(source_candidate).unwrap().transfer(&-vote.ballot.orig_value.clone());
-			state.exhausted.transfer(&vote.value);
+			state.exhausted.transfer(&vote.ballot.orig_value);
 			
 			match state.exhausted.parcels.last_mut() {
 				Some(parcel) => {
@@ -331,6 +335,7 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 					} else {
 						let parcel = Parcel {
 							votes: vec![vote],
+							value_fraction: N::one(),
 							source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 						};
 						state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);
@@ -339,6 +344,7 @@ fn transfer_ballot<'a, N: Number>(state: &mut CountState<'a, N>, opts: &STVOptio
 				None => {
 					let parcel = Parcel {
 						votes: vec![vote],
+						value_fraction: N::one(),
 						source_order: state.num_elected + state.num_excluded,
 					};
 					state.exhausted.parcels.push(parcel);

tests/scotland.rs

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ use std::ops;
 fn scotland_linn07_fixed5() {
 	let stv_opts = stv::STVOptionsBuilder::default()
 		.round_surplus_fractions(Some(5))
-		.round_values(Some(5))
+		//.round_values(Some(5))
-		.round_votes(Some(5))
+		//.round_votes(Some(5))
 		.round_quota(Some(0))
 		.sum_surplus_transfers(stv::SumSurplusTransfersMode::PerBallot)
 		.normalise_ballots(true)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn scotland_linn07_fixed5() {
 fn scotland_linn07_gfixed5() {
 	let stv_opts = stv::STVOptionsBuilder::default()
 		.round_surplus_fractions(Some(5))
-		.round_values(Some(5))
+		.round_values(Some(5)) // Must specify rounding as guarded decimals represented to 10 dps internally
 		.round_votes(Some(5))
 		.round_quota(Some(0))
 		.sum_surplus_transfers(stv::SumSurplusTransfersMode::PerBallot)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ where
 			.get_text().unwrap()
 			.to_string();
 		
-		assert!((&state.exhausted.votes + &state.loss_fraction.votes) == parse_str(nt_votes));
+		assert!((&state.exhausted.votes + &state.loss_fraction.votes) == parse_str(&nt_votes), "Failed to validate NTs. Expected {}, got {}", nt_votes, &state.exhausted.votes + &state.loss_fraction.votes);
 		
 		for (candidate, cand_xml) in state.election.candidates.iter().zip(candidates.iter()) {
 			let count_card = state.candidates.get(candidate).unwrap();
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ where
 				.get_child("value").unwrap()
 				.get_text().unwrap()
 				.to_string();
-			let cand_votes = parse_str(cand_votes);
+			let cand_votes = parse_str(&cand_votes);
-			assert!(count_card.votes == cand_votes, "Failed to validate votes for candidate {}. Expected {:}, got {:}", candidate.name, cand_votes, count_card.votes);
+			assert!(count_card.votes == cand_votes, "Failed to validate votes for candidate {}. Expected {}, got {}", candidate.name, cand_votes, count_card.votes);
 			
 			// Validate candidate states
 			let cand_state = get_cand_stage(cand_xml, i)
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fn get_cand_stage(candidate: &Element, idx: usize) -> &Element {
 		.nth(idx).unwrap();
 }
 
-fn parse_str<N: Number>(s: String) -> N {
+fn parse_str<N: Number>(s: &str) -> N {
 	if s == "-" { return N::zero(); }
-	return N::parse(&s);
+	return N::parse(s);
 }